Validation of a Scale to Measure Coping with Cyber-Bullying in University Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24320/redie.2019.21.e09.1907Keywords:
Cyber-bullying, psychometric properties, higher education.Abstract
This study analyzed the psychometric properties of a scale to measure coping with cyber-bullying among university students. Non-probability sampling was used to select 346 higher education students from a public university in southern Sonora (Mexico). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed, reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega, and the mean variance was analyzed. The results revealed a sustainable model for measuring coping with cyber-bullying that comprised three factors: seeking social support, evasive technical solution, and proactive technical solution. It is concluded that the scale has the necessary psychometric properties to measure this construct in university students.Downloads
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References
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Belsey, B. (2005). Cyberbullying: an emerging threat to the always on generation. Recuperado de http://www.cyberbullying.ca
Brown, T. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2a. ed.). Nueva York: The Guilford Press.
Buelga, S., Cava, M. y Musitu, G. (2010). Cyberbullying: victimización entre adolescentes a través del teléfono móvil y de internet. Psicothema, 22(4), 784-789. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/resumen.asp?id=3802
Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2a. ed.). NuevaYork: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Canessa, B. (2002). Adaptación psicométrica de las escalas de afrontamiento para adolescentes de Frydenberg y Lewis en un grupo de escolares de Lima metropolitana. Persona, 5, 191-233. Recuperado de https://revistas.ulima.edu.pe/index.php/Persona/article/view/876/826
Cano, F., Rodríguez, L. y García, J. (2007). Adaptación española del inventario de estrategias de afrontamiento. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 35(1), 29-39.
Causey, D. y Dubow, E. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(1), 47-59. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2101_8
Cea, M. (2004). Análisis multivariable. Teoría y práctica en la investigación social. Madrid: Síntesis.
Chapell, M., Hasselman, S., Kitchin, T., Lomon, S., MacIver, K. y Sarullo, P. (2006). Bullying in elementary school, high school, and college. Adolescence, 41(164), 633-648. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240771
De Vellis, R. (2012). Scale development. Theory and Aplications (3a. ed.). Los Ángeles: Sage.
Fernández, M. D. y Díaz, M. (2001). Relación entre estrategias de afrontamiento, síndromes clínicos y transtornos de personalidad en pacientes esquizofrénicos crónicos. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 6(2), 129-135. doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.6.num.2.2001.3910
Frydenberg, E. y Lewis, R. (1994). Coping with different concerns: consistency and variation in coping strategies used by adolescents. Australian Psychologist, 29(1), 45-48. doi: 10.1080/00050069408257320
Frydenberg, E. y Lewis, R. (1999). Things don’t better just because you’re older: a case for facilitating reflection. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(1), 81-94. doi: 10.1348/000709999157581
Furr, M. y Bacharach, V. (2014). Psychometrics. An introduction (2a. ed.). Nueva York: Sage.
Garaigordobil, M. (enero-marzo, 2011). Bullying y cyberbullying: conceptualización, prevalencia y evaluación. Formación Continuada a Distancia, duodécima edición, 3-13. Recuperado de https://docplayer.es/9265508-Bullying-y-cyberbullying-conceptualizacion-prevalencia-y-evaluacion.html
García-Maldonado, G., Joffre-Velázquez, V., Martínez-Salazar, G. y Llanes-Castillo, A. (2011). Ciberbullying: forma virtual de intimidación escolar. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 40(1), 115-130. doi:10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60108-6
Hoff, D. y Mitchell, S. (2009). Cyberbullying: causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665. doi:10.1108/09578230910981107
Holfeld, B. y Leadbeater, B. (2014). The nature and frequency of cyber bullying behaviors and victimization experiences in young canadian children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 30(2), 116-135. doi:10.1177/0829573514556853
Kristensen, S. y Smith, P. (2003). The use of coping strategies by Danish children classed as bullies, victims, bully/victims, and not involved, in response to different (hypothetical) types of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44(3), 479-488. doi:10.1046/j.1467-9450.2003.00369.x
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. Nueva York: Springer.
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1986). Estrés y procesos cognitivos. Barcelona: Martínez Roca.
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141-169. doi:10.1002/per.2410010304
Lazarus, R. (2006). Emotions and interpersonal relationships: toward a person-centered conceptualization o emotions and coping. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 9.46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00368.x
Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents’ experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50(3), 223-234. doi:10.1080/00131880802309333
Lin, N., Dean, A. y Ensel, W. (1981). Social support scales: a methodological note. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7(1), 73-89. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233114
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A. y Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the Internet: the perspective of european children: full findings and policy implications from the EU kids online survey of 9-16 year olds and their parents in 25 countries. Londres: LSE.
Machackova, H., Cerna, A., Sevcikova, A., Dedkova, L. y Danebach, K. (2013). Effectiveness of coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(3). doi:10.5817/CP2013-3-5
Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F. y Alsaker, F. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavior Difficulties, 17(3-4), 403-420. doi:10.1080/13632752.2012.704310
Moral, J., López, F., Díaz, R. y Cienfuegos, Y. (2011). Diferencias de género en afrontamiento y violencia en la pareja. Revista CES Psicología, 4(2), 29-46. Recuperado de http://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/view/1502
Nacimiento, L. y Mora-Merchán, J. (2014). El uso de estrategias de afrontamiento y habilidades metacognitivas ante situaciones de bullying y ciberbullying. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 7(2), 121-129. doi:10.30552/ejep.v7i2.104
Nava, C., Ollua, P., Vega, C. y Soria, R. (2010). Inventario de estrategias de afrontamiento: una replicación. Psicología y Salud, 20(2), 213-220. Recuperado de http://www.uv.mx/psicysalud/psicysalud-20-2/20-2/Carlos-Nava-Quiroz.pdf
Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R. y Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: labels, behaviours and definition in three european countries. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 20(2), 129-142. doi:10.1375/ajgc.20.2.129
Oliveros, M., Amemiya, I., Condorimay, Y., Oliveros, R., Barrientos, A. y Rivas, B. (2012). Ciberbullying: nueva tecnología electrónica al servicio del acoso escolar en alumnos de dos distritos de Lima, Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina, 73(1), 13-18. doi:10.15381/anales.v73i1.804
Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: an overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520-538. doi:10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
Parris, L., Varjas, K., Meyers, J. y Cutts, H. (2012). High school students’ perceptions of coping with cyberbullying. Youth & Society, 44(2), 284-306. doi:10.1177/0044118X11398881
Paul, S., Smith, P. y Blumberg, H. (2012). Comparing student perceptions of coping strategies and school interventions in managing bullying and cyberbullying incidents. Pastoral Care in Education, 30(2), 127-146. doi:10.1080/02643944.2012.679957
Perren, S., Corcoran, L., Cowie, H., Dehue, F., García, D., McGuckin, C… Völlink, T. (2012). Tackling cyberbullying: review of empirical evidence regarding successful responses by student, parents, and schools. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 283-293. doi:10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.244
Perren, S., Dooley, J., Shaw, T. y Cross, D. (2010). Bullying in school and cyberspace: associations with depressive symptoms in swiss and australian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4(28), 1-10. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-4-28
Price, M. y Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying. Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia, 29(2), 51-59.
Puc, E. y Rodríguez, A. (2015). Cyberbullying: una exploración descriptiva en estudiantes universitarios. Lenguas en contexto (ed. esp.), 38-46. Recuperado de http://www.facultaddelenguas.com/lencontexto/?seccion=revista&idrevista=20
Sahin, M., Aydin, B. y Sari, S. (2012). Cyber bullying, cyber victimization and psychological symptoms: a study in adolescents. Faculty of Education Journal, 41(1), 53-59. Recuperado de http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/46475
Schenk, A. y Fremouw, W. (2012). Prevalence, psychological impact, and coping of cyberbully victims among college students. Journal of School Violence, 11(1), 21-37. doi:10.1080/15388220.2011.630310
Sevcíkova, A., Machackova, H., Wright, M., Debková, L. y Cerna, A. (2015). Social support seeking in relation to parental attachment and peer relationships among victims of cyberbullying. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 25(2), 170-182. doi:10.1017/jgc.2015.1
Sléglová, V. y Cerná, A. (2011). Cyberbullying in adolescent victims: perception and coping. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 5(2), 1-16. Recuperado de http://cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2011121901&article=4
Slonje, R. y Smith, P. (2008). Cyberbullying: another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
Slonje, R., Smith, P. y Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 26-32. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
Smith, P., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. y Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Tokunaga, R. (2010). Following you home from school: a critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Torres-Acuña, G., Rivera, C., Navarro, Y. y Sandoval, V. (noviembre, 2016). Afrontamiento empleado por estudiantes de bachillerato con y sin reportes de cibervictimización. Ponencia presentada en el 8o. Congreso Internacional de Educación. Sonora, México.
Valdés, A., Carlos, W., Tanori, J. y Wendlandt, T. (2014). Differences in types and technological means by which mexican high schools students perform cyberbullying: its relationship with traditional bullying. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 105-113. doi:10.5539/jedp.v4n1p105
Varela, J., Pérez, C., Schwaderer, H., Astudillo, J. y Lecannelier, F. (2014). Caracterización de cyberbullying en el gran Santiago de Chile. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 18(2), 347-354.
doi:10.1590/2175-3539/2014/0182794
Vega-López, M., González-Pérez, G. y Quintero-Vega, P. (2013). Ciberacoso: victimización de alumnos en escuelas secundarias públicas de Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, México. Revista de Educación y Desarrollo, 25, 13-20. Recuperado de http://www.cucs.udg.mx/revistas/edu_desarrollo/anteriores/25/025_Vega.pdf
Völlink, T., Bolman, C., Dehue, F. y Jacobs, N. (2013). Coping with cyberbullying: differences between victims, bully-victims and children not involved in bullying. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psycholy, 23(1), 7-24. doi:10.1002/casp.2142
Wachs, S., Wolf, K. y Pan, C. (2012). Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628-633. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/psicothema.asp?id=4064
Zumbo, B., Gaderman, A. y Zeissen, C. (2007). Ordinal version of coefficients Alpha and Theta for Likert rating scales. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 21-29. doi:10.22237/jmasm/1177992180
Belsey, B. (2005). Cyberbullying: an emerging threat to the always on generation. Recuperado de http://www.cyberbullying.ca
Brown, T. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2a. ed.). Nueva York: The Guilford Press.
Buelga, S., Cava, M. y Musitu, G. (2010). Cyberbullying: victimización entre adolescentes a través del teléfono móvil y de internet. Psicothema, 22(4), 784-789. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/resumen.asp?id=3802
Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2a. ed.). NuevaYork: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Canessa, B. (2002). Adaptación psicométrica de las escalas de afrontamiento para adolescentes de Frydenberg y Lewis en un grupo de escolares de Lima metropolitana. Persona, 5, 191-233. Recuperado de https://revistas.ulima.edu.pe/index.php/Persona/article/view/876/826
Cano, F., Rodríguez, L. y García, J. (2007). Adaptación española del inventario de estrategias de afrontamiento. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 35(1), 29-39.
Causey, D. y Dubow, E. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(1), 47-59. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2101_8
Cea, M. (2004). Análisis multivariable. Teoría y práctica en la investigación social. Madrid: Síntesis.
Chapell, M., Hasselman, S., Kitchin, T., Lomon, S., MacIver, K. y Sarullo, P. (2006). Bullying in elementary school, high school, and college. Adolescence, 41(164), 633-648. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240771
De Vellis, R. (2012). Scale development. Theory and Aplications (3a. ed.). Los Ángeles: Sage.
Fernández, M. D. y Díaz, M. (2001). Relación entre estrategias de afrontamiento, síndromes clínicos y transtornos de personalidad en pacientes esquizofrénicos crónicos. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 6(2), 129-135. doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.6.num.2.2001.3910
Frydenberg, E. y Lewis, R. (1994). Coping with different concerns: consistency and variation in coping strategies used by adolescents. Australian Psychologist, 29(1), 45-48. doi: 10.1080/00050069408257320
Frydenberg, E. y Lewis, R. (1999). Things don’t better just because you’re older: a case for facilitating reflection. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(1), 81-94. doi: 10.1348/000709999157581
Furr, M. y Bacharach, V. (2014). Psychometrics. An introduction (2a. ed.). Nueva York: Sage.
Garaigordobil, M. (enero-marzo, 2011). Bullying y cyberbullying: conceptualización, prevalencia y evaluación. Formación Continuada a Distancia, duodécima edición, 3-13. Recuperado de https://docplayer.es/9265508-Bullying-y-cyberbullying-conceptualizacion-prevalencia-y-evaluacion.html
García-Maldonado, G., Joffre-Velázquez, V., Martínez-Salazar, G. y Llanes-Castillo, A. (2011). Ciberbullying: forma virtual de intimidación escolar. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 40(1), 115-130. doi:10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60108-6
Hoff, D. y Mitchell, S. (2009). Cyberbullying: causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665. doi:10.1108/09578230910981107
Holfeld, B. y Leadbeater, B. (2014). The nature and frequency of cyber bullying behaviors and victimization experiences in young canadian children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 30(2), 116-135. doi:10.1177/0829573514556853
Kristensen, S. y Smith, P. (2003). The use of coping strategies by Danish children classed as bullies, victims, bully/victims, and not involved, in response to different (hypothetical) types of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44(3), 479-488. doi:10.1046/j.1467-9450.2003.00369.x
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. Nueva York: Springer.
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1986). Estrés y procesos cognitivos. Barcelona: Martínez Roca.
Lazarus, R. y Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141-169. doi:10.1002/per.2410010304
Lazarus, R. (2006). Emotions and interpersonal relationships: toward a person-centered conceptualization o emotions and coping. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 9.46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00368.x
Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents’ experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50(3), 223-234. doi:10.1080/00131880802309333
Lin, N., Dean, A. y Ensel, W. (1981). Social support scales: a methodological note. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7(1), 73-89. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233114
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A. y Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the Internet: the perspective of european children: full findings and policy implications from the EU kids online survey of 9-16 year olds and their parents in 25 countries. Londres: LSE.
Machackova, H., Cerna, A., Sevcikova, A., Dedkova, L. y Danebach, K. (2013). Effectiveness of coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(3). doi:10.5817/CP2013-3-5
Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F. y Alsaker, F. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavior Difficulties, 17(3-4), 403-420. doi:10.1080/13632752.2012.704310
Moral, J., López, F., Díaz, R. y Cienfuegos, Y. (2011). Diferencias de género en afrontamiento y violencia en la pareja. Revista CES Psicología, 4(2), 29-46. Recuperado de http://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/view/1502
Nacimiento, L. y Mora-Merchán, J. (2014). El uso de estrategias de afrontamiento y habilidades metacognitivas ante situaciones de bullying y ciberbullying. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 7(2), 121-129. doi:10.30552/ejep.v7i2.104
Nava, C., Ollua, P., Vega, C. y Soria, R. (2010). Inventario de estrategias de afrontamiento: una replicación. Psicología y Salud, 20(2), 213-220. Recuperado de http://www.uv.mx/psicysalud/psicysalud-20-2/20-2/Carlos-Nava-Quiroz.pdf
Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R. y Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: labels, behaviours and definition in three european countries. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 20(2), 129-142. doi:10.1375/ajgc.20.2.129
Oliveros, M., Amemiya, I., Condorimay, Y., Oliveros, R., Barrientos, A. y Rivas, B. (2012). Ciberbullying: nueva tecnología electrónica al servicio del acoso escolar en alumnos de dos distritos de Lima, Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina, 73(1), 13-18. doi:10.15381/anales.v73i1.804
Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: an overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520-538. doi:10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
Parris, L., Varjas, K., Meyers, J. y Cutts, H. (2012). High school students’ perceptions of coping with cyberbullying. Youth & Society, 44(2), 284-306. doi:10.1177/0044118X11398881
Paul, S., Smith, P. y Blumberg, H. (2012). Comparing student perceptions of coping strategies and school interventions in managing bullying and cyberbullying incidents. Pastoral Care in Education, 30(2), 127-146. doi:10.1080/02643944.2012.679957
Perren, S., Corcoran, L., Cowie, H., Dehue, F., García, D., McGuckin, C… Völlink, T. (2012). Tackling cyberbullying: review of empirical evidence regarding successful responses by student, parents, and schools. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 283-293. doi:10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.244
Perren, S., Dooley, J., Shaw, T. y Cross, D. (2010). Bullying in school and cyberspace: associations with depressive symptoms in swiss and australian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4(28), 1-10. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-4-28
Price, M. y Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying. Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia, 29(2), 51-59.
Puc, E. y Rodríguez, A. (2015). Cyberbullying: una exploración descriptiva en estudiantes universitarios. Lenguas en contexto (ed. esp.), 38-46. Recuperado de http://www.facultaddelenguas.com/lencontexto/?seccion=revista&idrevista=20
Sahin, M., Aydin, B. y Sari, S. (2012). Cyber bullying, cyber victimization and psychological symptoms: a study in adolescents. Faculty of Education Journal, 41(1), 53-59. Recuperado de http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/46475
Schenk, A. y Fremouw, W. (2012). Prevalence, psychological impact, and coping of cyberbully victims among college students. Journal of School Violence, 11(1), 21-37. doi:10.1080/15388220.2011.630310
Sevcíkova, A., Machackova, H., Wright, M., Debková, L. y Cerna, A. (2015). Social support seeking in relation to parental attachment and peer relationships among victims of cyberbullying. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 25(2), 170-182. doi:10.1017/jgc.2015.1
Sléglová, V. y Cerná, A. (2011). Cyberbullying in adolescent victims: perception and coping. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 5(2), 1-16. Recuperado de http://cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2011121901&article=4
Slonje, R. y Smith, P. (2008). Cyberbullying: another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
Slonje, R., Smith, P. y Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 26-32. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
Smith, P., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. y Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Tokunaga, R. (2010). Following you home from school: a critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Torres-Acuña, G., Rivera, C., Navarro, Y. y Sandoval, V. (noviembre, 2016). Afrontamiento empleado por estudiantes de bachillerato con y sin reportes de cibervictimización. Ponencia presentada en el 8o. Congreso Internacional de Educación. Sonora, México.
Valdés, A., Carlos, W., Tanori, J. y Wendlandt, T. (2014). Differences in types and technological means by which mexican high schools students perform cyberbullying: its relationship with traditional bullying. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 105-113. doi:10.5539/jedp.v4n1p105
Varela, J., Pérez, C., Schwaderer, H., Astudillo, J. y Lecannelier, F. (2014). Caracterización de cyberbullying en el gran Santiago de Chile. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 18(2), 347-354.
doi:10.1590/2175-3539/2014/0182794
Vega-López, M., González-Pérez, G. y Quintero-Vega, P. (2013). Ciberacoso: victimización de alumnos en escuelas secundarias públicas de Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, México. Revista de Educación y Desarrollo, 25, 13-20. Recuperado de http://www.cucs.udg.mx/revistas/edu_desarrollo/anteriores/25/025_Vega.pdf
Völlink, T., Bolman, C., Dehue, F. y Jacobs, N. (2013). Coping with cyberbullying: differences between victims, bully-victims and children not involved in bullying. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psycholy, 23(1), 7-24. doi:10.1002/casp.2142
Wachs, S., Wolf, K. y Pan, C. (2012). Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 24(4), 628-633. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/psicothema.asp?id=4064
Zumbo, B., Gaderman, A. y Zeissen, C. (2007). Ordinal version of coefficients Alpha and Theta for Likert rating scales. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 21-29. doi:10.22237/jmasm/1177992180
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Published
2019-03-22
