Migration of Highly-Qualified Personnel from Mexico to the United States; an Exploration of the Phenomenon
Keywords:
Immigration, immigrants, human resources, academic achievement, labor, income, brain drain.Abstract
This essay proposes to explore the features of the migration phenomenon of highly-qualified personnel from Mexico to the United States. To this end it analyzes, principally, two sources of information: first, data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s ongoing survey of households, the American Community Survey. This data identifies the features of the sociodemographic and educational profile of Mexicans residing in the United States of America, and compares it with the data for the native population and for the subset of foreign, non-Mexican residents in that country. Work with survey microdata makes it possible to provide accurate figures for population volume in various relevant categories: schooling, occupation and income. By observing these data we attempt to learn the conditions of the most highly-educated group within the contingent of Mexican migrants. The second source of information, which permits a view from a complementary angle, is derived from the statistics contained in temporary-resident visas obtained by Mexicans. This part of the text studies the particular action of three types of visas: H1B work permits for highly qualified personnel; TN visas, granted to professionals within the framework of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); and finally, the F and J visas, issued to students and scholars. Using the results of both approaches, we review the scale and significance of the migration of highly-skilled human resources from Mexico to the United States.Downloads
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References
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Wasem, R. H. (2001). Immigration: Legislative issues on nonimmigrant professional specialty (H-1B) workers. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/issues/reports/crsh1b.pdf
Wasem, R. H. (2006). Memorandum: H-1B visas: Legislative history, trends over time, and pathways to permanent residence. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.aila.org/content/default.aspx?docid=18974
Bennett, M. T. (1966). The immigration and nationality (McCarran-Walter) Act of 1952, as Amended to 1965. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 367 (1), 127-136.
Borjas, G. y Katz, L. (2005). The evolution of the Mexican-born workforce in the United States, NBER Working Papers, 11281. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11281
Calavita, K. (1992). Inside the State: The Bracero Program, immigration, and the I.N.S. (After the Law). Nueva York: Routledge.
Card, D. y Lewis, E. G. (2007). The diffusion of Mexican immigrants during the 1990s explanations and impacts. En G. J.
Borjas (Ed.). Mexican immigration to the United States (pp. 193-228). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Casell, F. H. (1966). Immigration and the Department of Labor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 367 (1), 105-114.
Chesnais, J.-C. (1986). La transition demographique, etapes, formes, implications economiques. París: INED, PUF.
Chiquiar, D. y Hanson, G. (2005). International migration, self-selection, and the distribution of wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 113, 239-281. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.ccis-ucsd.org/publications/wrkg59.pdf
Citro, C. F. y Kalton, G. (Eds.). (2007). Using the American community survey. Benefits and challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Consejo Nacional de Población. (2007). Proyecciones de la población de México 2005-2050. México: Autor. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234
Docquier, F. y Marfouk, A. (2005). International migration by education attainment, 1990–2000. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, 3382. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M2R/
DocM2Rouverturecroissance/DM_ozdenschiff.pdf
Giorguili, S., Gaspar, S. y Leite, P. (2007). La migración mexicana y el mercado de trabajo estadounidense. Tendencias, perspectivas y ¿oportunidades? México: Consejo Nacional de Población. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/migraciongiorgul.pdf
Globerman, S. (1999). Trade liberalisation and the migration of skilled workers (Paper 3). Otawa, Canadá: Industry Canada Research Publications.
Instituto Nacional de Geografía e Informática. (1995). Conteo general de población y vivienda. México: Autor.
Instituto Nacional de Geografía e Informática. (2000). Censo general de población y vivienda. México: Autor.
Instituto Nacional de Geografía e Informática. (2005). Conteo general de población y vivienda. México: Autor.
Instituto Nacional de Geografía e Informática. (2007). Encuesta nacional de ocupación y empleo. México: Autor.
Institute of International Education. (2008). Annual report 2008. Nueva York: Autor. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.iie.org/PDFs/AnnualReport2008/IIEAnnualReport2008.pdf
Laviene, E. (2006). Integration from below: Mexicans and other Latinos in the U.S. labor market. Papeles de Población, 47, 39-70. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=11204703
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008). International migration outlook 2008. París: OECD.
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. (2008). Informe sobre las migraciones en el mundo. Ginebra: International Organization for Migration
Orrenius, P. y Streitfeld, D. (2006). TN Visas: A stepping stone toward a NAFTA Labor market. Southwest Economy, 6. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://dallasfed.org/research/swe/2006/swe0606c.html
Passel, J. S. (2007). Growing share of immigrants choosing naturalization. Pew Hispanic Center Reports, 74. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/74.pdf
Reyes, B. I. (1997). Dynamics of immigration: return migration to western Mexico. San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_197BRR.pdf
Rosenfeld, M. J. y Tienda, M. (1999), Mexican immigration, occupational niches, and labor-market competition: Evidence from Los Angeles, Chicago, and Atlanta, 1970 to 1990. En F. D. Bean y S. Bell-Rose (Eds.), Immigration and opportunity; race, ethnicity, and employment in the United States (pp. 64-105). Nueva York: Sage.
Sandoval, J. M. (2007). Mexican labor migration and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): 1994-2006. Documento presentado en Push and Pull: Immigration and Free Trade National Speaking Tour, Global Exchange. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.globalexchange.org/getInvolved/speakers/SandovalNAFTA.pdf
Secretariado del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. (2009). Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/sp/view.aspx?conID=590
The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement. (s/f). Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements
-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/cusfta-e.pdf
The World Bank. (2008). Migration and remittances factbook 2008. Nueva York: Autor.
The World Bank. (2009). Knowledge assessment methodology. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/
KFDLP/EXTUNIKAM/0,,menuPK:1414738~pagePK:64168427
~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:1414721,00.html
United Nations. (2006). Trends in total migrant stock: The 2005 revision. Nueva York: Autor.
United Nations Population Division. (2009). World population prospects: The 2008 revision population database. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://esa.un.org/unpp/
U.S. General Accounting Office. (2000, septiembre). H-1B Foreign workers. Better controls needed to help employers and protect workers (Reporte GAO/HEHS-00-157). Washington, DC. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.gao.gov/archive/2000/he00157.pdf
U.S. Census Bureau (2008). 2005-2007 American community survey data. Washington, DC: Autor. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.census.gov/acs/www
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. (2009). Temporary employment of foreign workers in the United States. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://frwebgate4.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/PDFgate.cgi?
WAISdocID=387661183348+1+2+0&WAISaction=retrieve
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2006). USCIS reaches H-1B exemption cap for fiscal year 2006 [Boletín de prensa]. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.uscis.gov/files/pressrelease/H1B_06Cap_011806PR.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2009). Yearbook of immigration statistics: 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2008/ois_yb_2008.pdf
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (2009). Immigration Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-649). Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.justice.gov/eoir/IMMACT1990.pdf
Verea, M. (2006). Migración y movilidad laboral en América del Norte. En Borjas A. y Bucio M (Coords.), La migración en México ¿un problema sin solución? (pp. 47-88). México: Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública de la Cámara de Diputados. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/content/download/
28773/126405/file/La%20migracion%20en%20Mexico,
%20un%20problema%20sin%20solucion.pdf
Wallace, S. P. y Castañeda, X. (2008). Migration and health: Latinos in the United States. México: Consejo Nacional de Población-University of California Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy Research. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.binationalhealthweek.org/conapo%20Report%20English.pdf
Wasem, R. H. (2001). Immigration: Legislative issues on nonimmigrant professional specialty (H-1B) workers. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/issues/reports/crsh1b.pdf
Wasem, R. H. (2006). Memorandum: H-1B visas: Legislative history, trends over time, and pathways to permanent residence. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2009, en: http://www.aila.org/content/default.aspx?docid=18974
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2009-11-01
