Task: Observing the Older Adult. A Pedagogical Tool for Changing Ageist Attitudes in Psychology Students
Keywords:
Adult development, ageist attitudes, educational research, psicology.Abstract
The ageist attitudes of students represent an obstacle to the development of the knowledge and empathy required for assisting the elderly. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in explicit/implicit attitudes and knowledge regarding older people, in a sample of psychology students before and after they carried out a practical task called "Observing the Older Adult" (TOAM). To this end, we evaluated the changes in explicit knowledge with Palmore's Facts on Aging Quizzes 1 and 2 (FAQs1-2); the changes in explicit attitudes with Kogan's Scale for Attitudes Toward Old People (SATOP); and the Age Group Evaluation and Description (AGED) Inventory. The subsequent changes in implicit attitudes were evaluated with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The changes were measured one week, three months, one year and two years after completing the TOAM with ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. After the TOAM was carried out, positive changes were observed in knowledge and explicit attitudes toward seniors, but implicit attitudes remained negative in the first assessment, and were modified only after a year.Downloads
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References
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American College of Physicians (1998). Health and public committee: Comprehensive functional assessment for elderly patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 109, 70-72.
American Psychological Association (2002). Resolution on Ageism. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/ageism.html
Arnold, L., Shue, C. K. y Jones, D. (2002). Implementation of geriatric education into the first and second years of a baccalaureate-MD degree program. Academic Medicine, 77, 933-944.
Bass, S. A. y Ferraro, K. F. (2000). Gerontology education in transition: considering disciplinary and paradigmatic evolution. Gerontologist, 40, 97-106.
Bell, B. D. y Stanfield, G. G. (1973). Chronological age in relation to attitudinal judgments: An experimental analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 491–496.
Butler, R. N. (1969). Ageism: Another form of bigotry. Gerontologist, 9, 243–246.
Carmel, S., Cwikel, J. y Galinsky, D. (1992). Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences following courses in gerontology among medical, nursing, and social work students. Educational Gerontology, 18, 329–342.
Celejewski, I. y Dion, K. K. (1998). Self-perception and perception of age groups as a function of the perceiver’s category membership. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 205–216.
Cohen, E. S. (2001). The complex nature of ageism: what is it? who does it? who perceives it? Gerontologist, 41, 576-577.
Dasgupta, N. y Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.
Deary, I. J., Smith, R., Mitchell, C. y MacLennan, W. J. (1993). Geriatric medicine. does teaching alter medical students' attitudes to elderly people? Medical Education, 27, 399-405.
Díaz, M., Domínguez, O. y Toyos, G. (1994). Resultados de la aplicación de una escala de valoración socio-familiar en atención primaria. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 29(4), 239-245.
Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A. y Mellott, D.S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E. y Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. y Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L. y Strahm, S. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology, 49, 240-249.
James, J. W. y Haley, W. E. (1995). Age and health bias in practicing clinical psychologists. Psychology and Aging, 10, 610-616.
Kaempfer, D., Wellman, N. S. y Himburg, S. P. (2002). Dietetics students' low knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences toward older adults indicate need for improved education about aging. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 197-202.
Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L. y Kelly, L. E. (1995). The Age Group Evaluation and Description (AGED) Inventory: A new instrument for assessing attitudes toward and beliefs about age groups. International Journal of Aging and Human Behavior, 40, 31-55.
Kogan, N. (1961). Attitudes toward old people: the development of a scale and an examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 44-54.
Letcher, D. C. y Yancey, N. R. (2004). Witnessing change with aspiring nurses: a human becoming teaching-learning process in nursing education. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17, 36-41.
López-Doriga, P. y Guifién Llera, F. (1995). Aproximación clínica al paciente geriátrico, técnicas de valoración geriátrica, evaluación clínica-funcional-mental y social. Madrid: Editores Médicos-SKB.
McKinlay, A. y Cowan, S. (2003). Student nurses' attitudes towards working with older patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, 298-309.
Miller, R. B. y Dodder, R. A. (1980). A revision of Palmore's facts on aging quiz. The Gerontologist, 20, 673-679.
Montoro, J. (1998). Actitudes hacia las personas mayores y discriminación basada en Naciones Unidas. Segunda Asamblea Mundial sobre el Envejecimiento. Madrid. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.un.org/spanish/envejecimiento/main.html
Neto, F. (2006). Changing intercultural attitudes over time. Journal of Intercultural Communication. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.immi.se/intercultural/
Nosek, B., Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (2004). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166-180.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. y Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics, 6, 101-115.
Olson, C. J. (2002). A curriculum module enhances students' gerontological practice-related knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 38(4), 85-102.
Palmore, E. (1977). Facts on aging: a short quiz. The Gerontologist, 17, 315-437;
Palmore, E. (1981). The facts on aging quiz: part two. The Gerontologist 17, 315-437.
Pan, C. X., Carmody, S., Leipzig, R. M., Granieri, E., Sullivan, A., Block, S. D. y Arnold, R. M. (2005). There is hope for the future: national survey results reveal that geriatric medicine fellows are well-educated in end-of-life care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 705-710.
Parse, R. R. (2004). A human becoming teaching-learning model. Nursing Science. Quarterly, 17, 33-35.
Penson, R. T., Daniels, K. J. y Lynch, T. J. (2004). Too old care? Oncologist, 9, 343-352.
Perdue, C.W, Gurtman, M.B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.
Ragan, A. M. y Bowen, A. M. (2001). Inproving attitudes regarding the elderly population: The effects of information and reinforcement for change. The Gerontologist, 41(4), 511- 515.
Reuben, D. B., Fullerton, J. T., Tschann, J. M., Croughan-Minihane, M. (1995). Attitudes of beginning medical students toward older persons: a five-campus study. The University of California Academic Geriatric Resource Program Student Survey Research Group. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 1430-1436.
Serrani, D. (2007). Trabajo de obervación del adulto mayor. Cuadernos del estudiante, 4, 1-43. Consultado en 12 de noviembre de 2010 de: www.scribd.com/doc/11639488/Cuadernos-Del-Estudiante-n4-
Wells, Y., Foreman, P., Gething, L. y Petralia, W. (2004). Nurses' attitudes toward aging and older adults-examining attitudes and practices among health services providers in Australia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30, 5-13.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S. y Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M. y Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
American College of Physicians (1998). Health and public committee: Comprehensive functional assessment for elderly patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 109, 70-72.
American Psychological Association (2002). Resolution on Ageism. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/ageism.html
Arnold, L., Shue, C. K. y Jones, D. (2002). Implementation of geriatric education into the first and second years of a baccalaureate-MD degree program. Academic Medicine, 77, 933-944.
Bass, S. A. y Ferraro, K. F. (2000). Gerontology education in transition: considering disciplinary and paradigmatic evolution. Gerontologist, 40, 97-106.
Bell, B. D. y Stanfield, G. G. (1973). Chronological age in relation to attitudinal judgments: An experimental analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 491–496.
Butler, R. N. (1969). Ageism: Another form of bigotry. Gerontologist, 9, 243–246.
Carmel, S., Cwikel, J. y Galinsky, D. (1992). Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences following courses in gerontology among medical, nursing, and social work students. Educational Gerontology, 18, 329–342.
Celejewski, I. y Dion, K. K. (1998). Self-perception and perception of age groups as a function of the perceiver’s category membership. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 205–216.
Cohen, E. S. (2001). The complex nature of ageism: what is it? who does it? who perceives it? Gerontologist, 41, 576-577.
Dasgupta, N. y Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.
Deary, I. J., Smith, R., Mitchell, C. y MacLennan, W. J. (1993). Geriatric medicine. does teaching alter medical students' attitudes to elderly people? Medical Education, 27, 399-405.
Díaz, M., Domínguez, O. y Toyos, G. (1994). Resultados de la aplicación de una escala de valoración socio-familiar en atención primaria. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 29(4), 239-245.
Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A. y Mellott, D.S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E. y Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. y Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L. y Strahm, S. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology, 49, 240-249.
James, J. W. y Haley, W. E. (1995). Age and health bias in practicing clinical psychologists. Psychology and Aging, 10, 610-616.
Kaempfer, D., Wellman, N. S. y Himburg, S. P. (2002). Dietetics students' low knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences toward older adults indicate need for improved education about aging. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 197-202.
Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L. y Kelly, L. E. (1995). The Age Group Evaluation and Description (AGED) Inventory: A new instrument for assessing attitudes toward and beliefs about age groups. International Journal of Aging and Human Behavior, 40, 31-55.
Kogan, N. (1961). Attitudes toward old people: the development of a scale and an examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 44-54.
Letcher, D. C. y Yancey, N. R. (2004). Witnessing change with aspiring nurses: a human becoming teaching-learning process in nursing education. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17, 36-41.
López-Doriga, P. y Guifién Llera, F. (1995). Aproximación clínica al paciente geriátrico, técnicas de valoración geriátrica, evaluación clínica-funcional-mental y social. Madrid: Editores Médicos-SKB.
McKinlay, A. y Cowan, S. (2003). Student nurses' attitudes towards working with older patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, 298-309.
Miller, R. B. y Dodder, R. A. (1980). A revision of Palmore's facts on aging quiz. The Gerontologist, 20, 673-679.
Montoro, J. (1998). Actitudes hacia las personas mayores y discriminación basada en Naciones Unidas. Segunda Asamblea Mundial sobre el Envejecimiento. Madrid. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.un.org/spanish/envejecimiento/main.html
Neto, F. (2006). Changing intercultural attitudes over time. Journal of Intercultural Communication. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.immi.se/intercultural/
Nosek, B., Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (2004). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166-180.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. y Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics, 6, 101-115.
Olson, C. J. (2002). A curriculum module enhances students' gerontological practice-related knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 38(4), 85-102.
Palmore, E. (1977). Facts on aging: a short quiz. The Gerontologist, 17, 315-437;
Palmore, E. (1981). The facts on aging quiz: part two. The Gerontologist 17, 315-437.
Pan, C. X., Carmody, S., Leipzig, R. M., Granieri, E., Sullivan, A., Block, S. D. y Arnold, R. M. (2005). There is hope for the future: national survey results reveal that geriatric medicine fellows are well-educated in end-of-life care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 705-710.
Parse, R. R. (2004). A human becoming teaching-learning model. Nursing Science. Quarterly, 17, 33-35.
Penson, R. T., Daniels, K. J. y Lynch, T. J. (2004). Too old care? Oncologist, 9, 343-352.
Perdue, C.W, Gurtman, M.B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.
Ragan, A. M. y Bowen, A. M. (2001). Inproving attitudes regarding the elderly population: The effects of information and reinforcement for change. The Gerontologist, 41(4), 511- 515.
Reuben, D. B., Fullerton, J. T., Tschann, J. M., Croughan-Minihane, M. (1995). Attitudes of beginning medical students toward older persons: a five-campus study. The University of California Academic Geriatric Resource Program Student Survey Research Group. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 1430-1436.
Serrani, D. (2007). Trabajo de obervación del adulto mayor. Cuadernos del estudiante, 4, 1-43. Consultado en 12 de noviembre de 2010 de: www.scribd.com/doc/11639488/Cuadernos-Del-Estudiante-n4-
Wells, Y., Foreman, P., Gething, L. y Petralia, W. (2004). Nurses' attitudes toward aging and older adults-examining attitudes and practices among health services providers in Australia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30, 5-13.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S. y Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M. y Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
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2011-05-01
