Effect of an Educational Intervention on Working Memory in the Older Adult: Quasi-experimental Study with Popular Games
Keywords:
Intervención educativa, memoria de trabajo, adulto mayor, juegos.Supporting Agencies:
Educational intervention, working memory, adult education, educational games.Abstract
In Mexico, by the year 2012, 9.34% of the population will be over 60 years old, and in 2030, 17.86% will be. It is calculated that 70% of Mexico’s elderly population express a memory deficit. The object of this work is to determine the efficacy of an educational intervention on the Working Memory (WM)* in the older adult though popular games, measuring the WM before (Week 0) and after the intervention (Week 5), in 25 subjects assigned to 2 groups. Used as instruments of measurement were the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale® - Third Edition (WAIS®-III), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The length of training was five weeks; the WM was evaluated before and after with the student t-test and with intragroup ANOVA. The control group received no training. In the study group there was observed a significant difference between the measurements (MMSE p= 0.012 and WAIS®-III p= 0.02); in the control group the difference shown was not significant (MMSE p= 0.8 and WAIS®-III p= 0.9), while the ANOVA showed differences only within the study group. Results of the project allow us to conclude that educational intervention usings popular games for the older adult shows favorable results on the WM.Downloads
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References
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Wechsler, D. (2001). Escala Wechsler de inteligencia III. México: Manual Moderno.
Yesavage, J., Brink, T., Rose, T., Huang, V., Adey, M. y Leirer, V. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.
Yuni, J. y Ubano, C. (2005). La Educación de adultos mayores. Teoría, Investigación e intervenciones. México: Manual Moderno.
Arias, E., Ortiz, G., Velázquez, I., Flores, M., Maynard, W. y Arias, M. (2006). Prevalence of cognitive impairment in mexican elderly. Alzheimer´s & Dementia, 2(3).
Arroyo, A. E., Gary, A. M. y Gil, R. (2001). Memoria del contexto informacional en el envejecimiento fisiológico. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 36, 163-169.
Baddeley, A. D. (1992). Working memory. Science, New Series, 25(5044), 556- 559.
Baddeley, A. y Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. En G. A. Bower. The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47-89). Nueva York: Academic Press.
Belloch, A. y Paredes, T. (2001). Envejecimiento y memoria. Envejecimiento y psicología de la salud. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Bustillos, G. y Vargas, L. (2001). Técnicas participativas para la educación popular. México: Instituto Mexicano para el Desarrollo Comunitario.
Campbell, D. y Stanley, J. (1993). Diseños experimentales y cuasiexperimentales en la investigación social. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.
Celis, A. (2004). Bioestadística. México: Manual Moderno.
Craik, F. I. M. (1977). Age differences in human memory. En J. E. Birren y K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 384-420). Nueva York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
De León, J. (2002). Al rescate de los juegos tradicionales mexicanos en la jornada nacional ¡todos los niños a jugar! México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
Elorza, P. (1999). Olvidos en el envejecimiento. Buenos Aires: Rocha.
Folstein, M., Folstein, S. y McHugh, P. (1975). Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198.
Gutiérrez, L. (1996). Grupo de consenso sobre el síndrome de deterioro intelectual y padecimientos demenciales. México: Fundación Mexicana para la Salud.
Hershowitz, R. (1990). Education and behavior in diabetes care. Diabetic Medicine, 7(7), 633.
Johnson, C., Rybicky, B., Brown, G., D´Hondt, E., Herpolsheimer, B., Roth, D., et al. (1997). Cognitive impairment in the Amish: A four county survey. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(2), 122-129.
Juby, A. (1999). Correlation between the Folstein mini-mental state examination and three methods of clock drawing scoring. Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 12(2), 87-91.
Just, M. y Carpenter, P. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review, 99(1), 122-149.
Kustner, E. y Dancygier, H. (2000). Efficacy and efficiency of ambulatory diabetes patient education. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 125(42), 1280-1281.
Park, D. y Schwarz, N. (2002). Envejecimiento cognitivo. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Salthouse, T. (1982). Adult cognition: An experimental psychology of human aging. Nueva York: Springer-Verlag.
Salthouse, T. A. (2000). Steps toward the explanation of adult age differences in cognition. En T. Perfect y E. Maylor (Eds.), Theoretical debate in cognitive aging. Londres: Oxford University Press.
Schwandt, P., Geiss, H., Ritter, M., Ublacker, C., Parhofer, K., Otto, C., et al. (1999). The prevention education program. A prospective study of the efficacy of family oriented life style codification in the reduction of cardiovascular risk and disease: Design and baseline data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 52(8), 791-800.
Squire, L., Haist, F. y Shimamura, A. (1989). The neurology of memory: Quantitative assessment of retrograde amnesia in two groups of amnesic patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 9(3), 828-839.
Steckler, A., Allegrante, J., Altman, D., Brown, R., Burdine, J. N., Goodman, R. M. et al. (1995). Health education intervention strategies: Recommendations for future research. Health Education Quarterly, 22(3), 307-328.
Teresi, J., Golden, R., Cross, P., Gurland, B., Kleinman, M. y Wilder, D. (1995). Item bias in cognitive screening measures: Comparisons of elderly white, afro-american, hispanic and high and low education subgroups. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 48(4), 473-483.
Turnin, M. C., Bourgeois, O., Cathelineau, G., Leguerrier, A. M., Halimi, S., Sandre-Banon, D., et al. (2001). Multicenter randomized evaluation of a nutritional education software in obese patients. Diabetes & Metabolism, 27(2), 139-147.
Ulrich, A. (2000). The integration of health education to patient care. Nueva York: ADA.
Van der Sande, M., Walraven, G., Milligan, P., Banya, W., Ceesay, S., Nyan, O., et al. (2001). Family history: An opportunity for early interventions and improved control of hypertension, obesity and diabetes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(4), 321-328.
Wechsler, D. (2001). Escala Wechsler de inteligencia III. México: Manual Moderno.
Yesavage, J., Brink, T., Rose, T., Huang, V., Adey, M. y Leirer, V. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.
Yuni, J. y Ubano, C. (2005). La Educación de adultos mayores. Teoría, Investigación e intervenciones. México: Manual Moderno.
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Published
2011-11-01
