Trends and changes in the system of higher education in the United States for African-Americans and Hispanics
Keywords:
Higher education, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Minority Groups, United States of America.Abstract
Using a wide variety of statistical sources, particularly those created by government agencies in the United States of America (USA), this article offers a descriptive overview of the insertion of ethnic and racial minorities in the USA higher education system. This process illustrates more profound and general changes within USA society, which have a specific though not exclusive origin in the social transformations that began in the 1960’s and were consolidated in the 1970’s. These changes gave rise to a new polítical, social and cultural space for African-Americans, who waged a powerful battle to gain political and civil rights, which were then extended to the Hispanic population.Downloads
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References
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Peter, K. y Horn, L. (2005). Gender differences in participation and completion of undergraduate education and how they have changed over time. Washington, DC: US Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics-U.S. Government Printing Office.
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Sánchez, G. (1997). History, culture, and education. En A. Darder, R. Torres y H. Gutiérrez (Eds.), Latinos and education. A critical reader (pp. 117-134). Nueva York: Routledge.
Torres, R. y De la Torre, A. (1997). Latinos, class, and the US political economy: Income inequality and policy alternatives. En A. Darder, R. Torres y H. Gutiérrez (Eds.), Latinos and education. A critical reader (pp. 95-113). Nueva York: Routledge.
Stoops, N. (2004). Educational attainment in the United States: 2003, Population characteristics. Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2006 en: http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf
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Young-Hawkings, L. V. (2001). Los afroamericanos en la educación pública: tendencias y problemas. En B. Driscoll y P. Márquez-Padilla (Eds.), El color de la tierra. Las minorías en México y Estados Unidos (pp. 167-190). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte.
Broussard, A. (2001). El movimiento por los derechos civiles y la lucha de los negros por la libertad, 1945-1968. En B. Driscoll y P. Márquez-Padilla (Eds.), El color de la tierra. Las minorías en México y Estados Unidos (pp. 99-108). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte.
Chamberlain, M. K. (1991) Women in academy: Progess and prospects. Nueva York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Fass, P. (1989) Outside in. Minorities and the transformation of American education. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gates, H. L. Jr. (1993). Integrating the American mind. En H. L. Jr. Gates (Ed.), Loose canons. Notes on the culture wars (pp. 105-120). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goan, S. K. y Cunningham, A. F. (2006). Degree completions in areas of national need, 1996-97 and 2001-02. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Hobbs, F. y Stoops, N. (2002). Demographic trends in the 20th Century. U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Reports. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Hogan-Garcia, M. (1997). African-American as cultural group. En L. Naylor (Ed.), Cultural diversity in the United States (pp. 145-158). Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
Justiz, M. (1994). Demographic trends and the challenges to American higher education. Minorities in higher education. En M. Justiz, R. Wilson y L. Bjork (Eds.), Minorities in higher education (pp. 1-21). Phoenix, AZ: American Council on Education-The Oryx Press.
Knapp, L. G., Kelly-Reid, J. E., Whitmore, R. W., Cong, J., Levine, B., Berzofsky, M. y Broyles, S. G. (2005). Postsecondary institutions in the United States: Fall 2004 and degrees and other awards conferred: 2003–04. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Lucas, C. (1994). American higher education: A history. Nueva York: St. Martin’s Press.
Muñoz, C. (1997). The quest for paradigm: The development of Chicano studies and intellectuals. En A. Darder, R. Torres y H. Gutiérrez (Eds.), Latinos and education. A critical reader (pp. 439-453). New York: Routledge.
National Center for Education Statistics (1997). Minorities in higher education national center for education statistics findings from the condition of education. Washington DC: US Department of Education- National Center for Education Statistics.
National Center for Education Statistics (2003a). Status and trends in the education of blacks. Washington, DC: US Department of Education- National Center for Education Statistics.
National Center for Education Statistics (2003b). Status and trends in the education of Hispanics. Washington DC: US Department of Education- National Center for Education Statistics.
National Center for Education Statistics (2006). Condition of education 2006. Washington DC: US Department of Education- National Center for Education Statistics.
Pérez, S. y De la Rosa, D. (1997). Economic, labor force, and social implications of Latino educational and population trends. En A. Darder, R. Torres y H. Gutiérrez (Eds.), Latinos and education. A critical reader (pp. 45-79). Nueva York: Routledge.
Peter, K. y Horn, L. (2005). Gender differences in participation and completion of undergraduate education and how they have changed over time. Washington, DC: US Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics-U.S. Government Printing Office.
Re Cruz, A. (1997). The Mexican-American Community in the United States. En L. Naylor (Ed.), Cultural Diversity in the United States (159-176). Westport: Bergin & Garvey.
Sánchez, G. (1997). History, culture, and education. En A. Darder, R. Torres y H. Gutiérrez (Eds.), Latinos and education. A critical reader (pp. 117-134). Nueva York: Routledge.
Torres, R. y De la Torre, A. (1997). Latinos, class, and the US political economy: Income inequality and policy alternatives. En A. Darder, R. Torres y H. Gutiérrez (Eds.), Latinos and education. A critical reader (pp. 95-113). Nueva York: Routledge.
Stoops, N. (2004). Educational attainment in the United States: 2003, Population characteristics. Consultado el 26 de septiembre de 2006 en: http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf
West, E. (2001). La literatura afroamericana y la dinámica de la identidad interracial. En B. Driscoll y P. Márquez-Padilla (Eds), El color de la tierra. Las minorías en México y Estados Unidos (pp. 73-86). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte.
Young-Hawkings, L. V. (2001). Los afroamericanos en la educación pública: tendencias y problemas. En B. Driscoll y P. Márquez-Padilla (Eds.), El color de la tierra. Las minorías en México y Estados Unidos (pp. 167-190). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte.
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Article abstract page views: 919
Published
2008-11-01
