El trabajo de observación del adulto mayor. Una herramienta pedagógica para modificar actitudes ageístas en estudiantes de psicología
Palabras clave:
Desarrollo del adulto mayor, actitudes ageistas, investigación pedagógica, Psicología.Resumen
Las actitudes ageístas de los estudiantes representan un obstáculo para el desarrollo de conocimientos y la empatía requeridas para asistir a las personas mayores. El objetivo que persigue este trabajo es evaluar los cambios en actitudes explícitas e implícitas y en conocimientos sobre personas mayores en una muestra de estudiantes de Psicología, antes y después de llevar a cabo una tarea práctica denominada “Trabajo de observación del adulto mayor” (TOAM). Para ello, se evaluaron los cambios en los conocimientos explícitos mediante el Palmore’s Facts on Ageing Quizzes 1 y 2 (FAQs1-2), las modificaciones en las actitudes explícitas mediante la Kogan’s Scale for Attitudes toward Old People (SATOP) y el Age Group Evaluation and Description (AGED) Inventory (AGED). Las modificaciones en actitudes implícitas posteriores se evaluaron con un Test de Asociación Implícita (TAI). Los cambios se midieron una semana, tres meses, un año y dos años después de completar el TOAM con test de ANOVA, U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskall-Wallis Después de realizar el TOAM se observaron cambios positivos en conocimientos y actitudes explícitas hacia las personas mayores, pero las actitudes implícitas permanecieron negativas en las primeras evaluaciones y solamente se modificaron después del año.Descargas
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Referencias
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American College of Physicians (1998). Health and public committee: Comprehensive functional assessment for elderly patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 109, 70-72.
American Psychological Association (2002). Resolution on Ageism. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/ageism.html
Arnold, L., Shue, C. K. y Jones, D. (2002). Implementation of geriatric education into the first and second years of a baccalaureate-MD degree program. Academic Medicine, 77, 933-944.
Bass, S. A. y Ferraro, K. F. (2000). Gerontology education in transition: considering disciplinary and paradigmatic evolution. Gerontologist, 40, 97-106.
Bell, B. D. y Stanfield, G. G. (1973). Chronological age in relation to attitudinal judgments: An experimental analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 491–496.
Butler, R. N. (1969). Ageism: Another form of bigotry. Gerontologist, 9, 243–246.
Carmel, S., Cwikel, J. y Galinsky, D. (1992). Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences following courses in gerontology among medical, nursing, and social work students. Educational Gerontology, 18, 329–342.
Celejewski, I. y Dion, K. K. (1998). Self-perception and perception of age groups as a function of the perceiver’s category membership. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 205–216.
Cohen, E. S. (2001). The complex nature of ageism: what is it? who does it? who perceives it? Gerontologist, 41, 576-577.
Dasgupta, N. y Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.
Deary, I. J., Smith, R., Mitchell, C. y MacLennan, W. J. (1993). Geriatric medicine. does teaching alter medical students' attitudes to elderly people? Medical Education, 27, 399-405.
Díaz, M., Domínguez, O. y Toyos, G. (1994). Resultados de la aplicación de una escala de valoración socio-familiar en atención primaria. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 29(4), 239-245.
Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A. y Mellott, D.S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E. y Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. y Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L. y Strahm, S. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology, 49, 240-249.
James, J. W. y Haley, W. E. (1995). Age and health bias in practicing clinical psychologists. Psychology and Aging, 10, 610-616.
Kaempfer, D., Wellman, N. S. y Himburg, S. P. (2002). Dietetics students' low knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences toward older adults indicate need for improved education about aging. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 197-202.
Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L. y Kelly, L. E. (1995). The Age Group Evaluation and Description (AGED) Inventory: A new instrument for assessing attitudes toward and beliefs about age groups. International Journal of Aging and Human Behavior, 40, 31-55.
Kogan, N. (1961). Attitudes toward old people: the development of a scale and an examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 44-54.
Letcher, D. C. y Yancey, N. R. (2004). Witnessing change with aspiring nurses: a human becoming teaching-learning process in nursing education. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17, 36-41.
López-Doriga, P. y Guifién Llera, F. (1995). Aproximación clínica al paciente geriátrico, técnicas de valoración geriátrica, evaluación clínica-funcional-mental y social. Madrid: Editores Médicos-SKB.
McKinlay, A. y Cowan, S. (2003). Student nurses' attitudes towards working with older patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, 298-309.
Miller, R. B. y Dodder, R. A. (1980). A revision of Palmore's facts on aging quiz. The Gerontologist, 20, 673-679.
Montoro, J. (1998). Actitudes hacia las personas mayores y discriminación basada en Naciones Unidas. Segunda Asamblea Mundial sobre el Envejecimiento. Madrid. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.un.org/spanish/envejecimiento/main.html
Neto, F. (2006). Changing intercultural attitudes over time. Journal of Intercultural Communication. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.immi.se/intercultural/
Nosek, B., Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (2004). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166-180.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. y Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics, 6, 101-115.
Olson, C. J. (2002). A curriculum module enhances students' gerontological practice-related knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 38(4), 85-102.
Palmore, E. (1977). Facts on aging: a short quiz. The Gerontologist, 17, 315-437;
Palmore, E. (1981). The facts on aging quiz: part two. The Gerontologist 17, 315-437.
Pan, C. X., Carmody, S., Leipzig, R. M., Granieri, E., Sullivan, A., Block, S. D. y Arnold, R. M. (2005). There is hope for the future: national survey results reveal that geriatric medicine fellows are well-educated in end-of-life care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 705-710.
Parse, R. R. (2004). A human becoming teaching-learning model. Nursing Science. Quarterly, 17, 33-35.
Penson, R. T., Daniels, K. J. y Lynch, T. J. (2004). Too old care? Oncologist, 9, 343-352.
Perdue, C.W, Gurtman, M.B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.
Ragan, A. M. y Bowen, A. M. (2001). Inproving attitudes regarding the elderly population: The effects of information and reinforcement for change. The Gerontologist, 41(4), 511- 515.
Reuben, D. B., Fullerton, J. T., Tschann, J. M., Croughan-Minihane, M. (1995). Attitudes of beginning medical students toward older persons: a five-campus study. The University of California Academic Geriatric Resource Program Student Survey Research Group. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 1430-1436.
Serrani, D. (2007). Trabajo de obervación del adulto mayor. Cuadernos del estudiante, 4, 1-43. Consultado en 12 de noviembre de 2010 de: www.scribd.com/doc/11639488/Cuadernos-Del-Estudiante-n4-
Wells, Y., Foreman, P., Gething, L. y Petralia, W. (2004). Nurses' attitudes toward aging and older adults-examining attitudes and practices among health services providers in Australia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30, 5-13.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S. y Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M. y Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
American College of Physicians (1998). Health and public committee: Comprehensive functional assessment for elderly patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 109, 70-72.
American Psychological Association (2002). Resolution on Ageism. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/ageism.html
Arnold, L., Shue, C. K. y Jones, D. (2002). Implementation of geriatric education into the first and second years of a baccalaureate-MD degree program. Academic Medicine, 77, 933-944.
Bass, S. A. y Ferraro, K. F. (2000). Gerontology education in transition: considering disciplinary and paradigmatic evolution. Gerontologist, 40, 97-106.
Bell, B. D. y Stanfield, G. G. (1973). Chronological age in relation to attitudinal judgments: An experimental analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 491–496.
Butler, R. N. (1969). Ageism: Another form of bigotry. Gerontologist, 9, 243–246.
Carmel, S., Cwikel, J. y Galinsky, D. (1992). Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences following courses in gerontology among medical, nursing, and social work students. Educational Gerontology, 18, 329–342.
Celejewski, I. y Dion, K. K. (1998). Self-perception and perception of age groups as a function of the perceiver’s category membership. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 205–216.
Cohen, E. S. (2001). The complex nature of ageism: what is it? who does it? who perceives it? Gerontologist, 41, 576-577.
Dasgupta, N. y Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.
Deary, I. J., Smith, R., Mitchell, C. y MacLennan, W. J. (1993). Geriatric medicine. does teaching alter medical students' attitudes to elderly people? Medical Education, 27, 399-405.
Díaz, M., Domínguez, O. y Toyos, G. (1994). Resultados de la aplicación de una escala de valoración socio-familiar en atención primaria. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 29(4), 239-245.
Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A. y Mellott, D.S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E. y Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A. y Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L. y Strahm, S. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology, 49, 240-249.
James, J. W. y Haley, W. E. (1995). Age and health bias in practicing clinical psychologists. Psychology and Aging, 10, 610-616.
Kaempfer, D., Wellman, N. S. y Himburg, S. P. (2002). Dietetics students' low knowledge, attitudes, and work preferences toward older adults indicate need for improved education about aging. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 197-202.
Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L. y Kelly, L. E. (1995). The Age Group Evaluation and Description (AGED) Inventory: A new instrument for assessing attitudes toward and beliefs about age groups. International Journal of Aging and Human Behavior, 40, 31-55.
Kogan, N. (1961). Attitudes toward old people: the development of a scale and an examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 44-54.
Letcher, D. C. y Yancey, N. R. (2004). Witnessing change with aspiring nurses: a human becoming teaching-learning process in nursing education. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17, 36-41.
López-Doriga, P. y Guifién Llera, F. (1995). Aproximación clínica al paciente geriátrico, técnicas de valoración geriátrica, evaluación clínica-funcional-mental y social. Madrid: Editores Médicos-SKB.
McKinlay, A. y Cowan, S. (2003). Student nurses' attitudes towards working with older patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, 298-309.
Miller, R. B. y Dodder, R. A. (1980). A revision of Palmore's facts on aging quiz. The Gerontologist, 20, 673-679.
Montoro, J. (1998). Actitudes hacia las personas mayores y discriminación basada en Naciones Unidas. Segunda Asamblea Mundial sobre el Envejecimiento. Madrid. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.un.org/spanish/envejecimiento/main.html
Neto, F. (2006). Changing intercultural attitudes over time. Journal of Intercultural Communication. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2010 de: http://www.immi.se/intercultural/
Nosek, B., Greenwald, A. G. y Banaji, M. R. (2004). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166-180.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. y Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics, 6, 101-115.
Olson, C. J. (2002). A curriculum module enhances students' gerontological practice-related knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 38(4), 85-102.
Palmore, E. (1977). Facts on aging: a short quiz. The Gerontologist, 17, 315-437;
Palmore, E. (1981). The facts on aging quiz: part two. The Gerontologist 17, 315-437.
Pan, C. X., Carmody, S., Leipzig, R. M., Granieri, E., Sullivan, A., Block, S. D. y Arnold, R. M. (2005). There is hope for the future: national survey results reveal that geriatric medicine fellows are well-educated in end-of-life care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 705-710.
Parse, R. R. (2004). A human becoming teaching-learning model. Nursing Science. Quarterly, 17, 33-35.
Penson, R. T., Daniels, K. J. y Lynch, T. J. (2004). Too old care? Oncologist, 9, 343-352.
Perdue, C.W, Gurtman, M.B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.
Ragan, A. M. y Bowen, A. M. (2001). Inproving attitudes regarding the elderly population: The effects of information and reinforcement for change. The Gerontologist, 41(4), 511- 515.
Reuben, D. B., Fullerton, J. T., Tschann, J. M., Croughan-Minihane, M. (1995). Attitudes of beginning medical students toward older persons: a five-campus study. The University of California Academic Geriatric Resource Program Student Survey Research Group. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 1430-1436.
Serrani, D. (2007). Trabajo de obervación del adulto mayor. Cuadernos del estudiante, 4, 1-43. Consultado en 12 de noviembre de 2010 de: www.scribd.com/doc/11639488/Cuadernos-Del-Estudiante-n4-
Wells, Y., Foreman, P., Gething, L. y Petralia, W. (2004). Nurses' attitudes toward aging and older adults-examining attitudes and practices among health services providers in Australia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30, 5-13.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S. y Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M. y Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
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2011-05-01
